CloudFront Origin: this is the origin of all the files that the distribution will serve. This can be a S3 bucket, a EC2 instance, an Elastic Load Balancer, or Route53
CloudFront Distribution: this is the name given to the Origin and configuration settings for the content you wish to distribute using CloudFront (CloudFront Delivery Network - CDN)
Edge Locations: this is the location where content is cached. It is not the same of AWS Region/AZ
S3 Transfer Accelleration: CloudFront Edge Locations are utilized by S3 to Transfer Accelleration to reduce latency for S3 uploads